Classical Greece

+
Primary Source Analysis

Document: Thucydides on Athens

Author – Who created this? What do we know about the author? What might influence their opinions?	Thucydides, wrote an accurate first-hand account general in the war
Place – Where and when was it created -	Greece around 431-430 B.C.E After the Peloponnesian War Ancient Greece, Athens
Prior KnowledgeWhat do we know about where this was created? What have we learned about this topic? Society that may be relevant?	They had city-states Fought against Sparta Arts, literature, and religion was important polytheisitic, Zeus democratic
AudienceWho is the intended audience? How might they receive this? – quotes to support your claims?	The people of Athens and possibly the soldiers “as a city we…” involed in war, families, honor people in war "So died these men as became Athenians"
Reason for CreationWhat is the purpose of this document? Read between the lines, support claims with a quote	To help out with people morale and show the support of the war “Take these as your model, and recognize that happiness comes from freedom and freedom comes from courage; never decline the dangers of war.” Honor the people who died in the war "realize the power of Athens"
The Main IdeaSupport with quotes	To make everyone feel important during this point, honor "In generosity we are equally singular, acquiring our friends by conferring”
SignificanceHow does this relate to the big picture? What can it tell us as historians? Relate to ESPIRIT if possible	This is significant because Athens was different than Sparta such as the social class as well as the government . relates to social, interactions, and policital in the ESPIRT chart. Show how Athens represented themselves

*EDITED IT WITH MALORIE MACDONALD









Primary Source Analysis


Document: Plutarch on Life in Sparta

Author – Who created this? What do we know about the author? What might influence their opinions?	Plutarch born near Corinth around 45 C.E optimistic Greek historian, well known part of the senate, council travel around the Mediterrian
Place – Where and when was it created -	Greece Southern Greece, Sparta around 5 BCE
Prior KnowledgeWhat do we know about where this was created? What have we learned about this topic? Society that may be relevant?	Sparta was Athens rival Also lived in city states Celebrated new level of ideas of democratic and military violent, built off war strong Althought close to Athens on the map, they were different in values
Audience Who is the intended audience? How might they receive this? – quotes to support your claims?	The people of Sparta and it was received as information about Lycurgus “by being blended with the "feverish" government of the kings, and by having an equal vote with them in matters of the highest importance” Anyone to read, inform others about what was happening, keep story Council or government to over throw Lycurgus
Reason for CreationWhat is the purpose of this document? Read between the lines, support claims with a quote	To show Lycurgus impact and to a little about his life “Lycurgus ordered them all to be taken by the state and enrolled in companies, where they were put under the same discipline and nurture” inform the way of their living, to show what Spartans believed over throw Lycurgus to prevent tryanty and follow democracy and have a fair government with equal voting
The Main IdeaSupport with quotes	Lycurgus ways were awful, but it was so that Sparta was better than Athens. He had boys train early so they were prepared and woman stay fit. show the way of the Spartans, show why they were suppurior this time, discarded luxary items. show his harshness
SignificanceHow does this relate to the big picture? What can it tell us as historians? Relate to ESPIRIT if possible	This contrasts Athens in social structure and political power.

*EDITED WITH SHIRLEY WONG, JENNY WENG, MALORIE MACDONALD

Comparrison of Athens and Sparta (discussed as a group with ^)
Values differed : Athens : arts, literature, decmocracy.
Sparta: War, strength, tyrant
Thesis
Greece had two city-states one named Athens and the other Sparta. Athens and Sparta were rivals with with different political structure and values. Athens was a democracy while Sparta had a tyrant. Athens was more of an intellectual nation that focused on arts, literature and music while Sparta was more of a military nation that focus on strength and believed strongly in training.

The revolution
Movie Notes

• 5 centuries before the birth Christ, in Athens people had turned on their ruler
• Cysidience was a born ruler that should have looked down at the common people but instead felt that they deserved freedom
• Born around 570 BC, born into richest family
• Story that Chysidinces grandfather preformed a favor for the king and in return he got to pick a gift
• Athens:
• Laid in the center of the Mediterranean peninsular (known as Greece now)
• Houses: made of mud, had no bathrooms
• Woman: spent days at home
• Reading and writing was a rare skill
• Life expectancy was about 15 years
• Lived under the rule of aristocrat
• Dominated by aristocrat that only cared about preserving power, which caused its downfall because they were against the commons
• Geographic: south was Egypt, mainly mountains, no plains
• City- state: independent, ruled,
• Trade through the Mediterranean
• Sparta:
• Grew up to be soldiers, separated from their families, life revolved around war, strip of comfort, dyed their clothes red
• Conquered all of the surrounding regions, declared war on the Helluat every year
• Clysidnices was influenced by stories
• People memorized poetry, hundreds of lines
• Iilyat and the Odyssey were great stories
• The more woman you knocked and woman you deflower that greater you were
• Heroes were looked up to greatly during this time
• Ackelise was a great hero
• Tyrants came to power around the 6th century
• Glyjistidust lowered taxes
• Olives helped out Athens economically; it could be used and traded
• Trade was lively during this time and other nations were willing to trade for olive oil
• The vase was one of the greatest inventions, pottery
• Potter had no special respect, although pottery was used commonly
• Pottery began to be decorated
• In 527 BC he died , hippias took over, at first ruling Athens in fair hand then Athenians
• In 524 BC hippias’ brother was murdered and the tyrant changed, first killing the murderer then tortured one of the wife
• Became crueler, and had the only cause of self preservation
• Cylideinse tried to over throw Hippias
• Hippias was captured and thrown out of Athens forever
• Clydenise was one of most powerful person in Athens
• In Olympia in Southern Greece once every four years men would gather to compete in completion in strength and such, a earlier version of the Olympic Games.
• Woman were prohibited from entering the games and even the stadium
• Asaguirus contacted the Spartans to over throw Athens
• Asaguirus ruled with Spartan behind him
• 508 BC he was forced to give up power
• Clysidience implemented democracy
• Persians in the East posed a new threat

Explain the key factors in the development of Athens.
Athens was a city- state in Greece that developed under the power Cleisthenes, who was a ruler that cared about people’s freedom. Athens was dominated by aristocrat and common people were considered unimportant, but soon the people of Athens began to over throw their rulers. Athens had olive which they could trade as well as use but no only that but Athens also started to advance in arts such as pottery and the decoration of pottery.
Developed due to difference in classess
Power hungery
Being striped of their rights



ESPI
ESPRIT Chart
You must include main ideas and details in each category

Civilization/Nation/Group_Rome

Time Period

E	Roman economy revolved around farming, trading , and slaves. Rome was composed mainly of farmers and landlords forced people to become tenants or laborers. farmers had to buy some of the food they needed and to do this they had to sell most of their own product. planting involved a large amount of capital and if there was no fruit , farmers would go into debt traded agricultural goods as well as manufactured goods Slaves were important and were used for many jobs
S	Social structure was based on heredity, property, wealth, citizenship, freedom and men were still considered less important than men and were expected to do housework, and although it changed that woman could be divorsed and was no long under their husband's rule they were still considar less important. There were three classes that were sub divided and slaves were the lowest of the low. Social structure was based on heredity, property, wealth, citizenship, freedom Men were more dominant than woman Woman were expected to stay at home and do house work Class boundaries were strict and enforced Different classes could interact with each other Members of different class dressed differently Emperors : Purple toga Senators: White toga with latus clavus and a broad purple stripe along the edge Upper classes offered protection for those who became “cliens” http://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/order.html* Most middle class were free farmers who had their own community and rituals three class, and each class were sub divided slaves from conquered nations were the lowest of the lowest class and had extremely hard jobs woman could be punished by husband, but changed and when they were allowed to be divorsed but would lose 1/3 of their land Woman would still be seen as less important and when families would have to many babies they would kill the female babies EDITED WITH MALORIE, SHIRLEY, JENNY.
P	Political structure in Rome was ruled by a tyrant and power was very important but laws were fair. The Romans began as a monarchy around 509 BCE and had better political ways for their city-states. Citizens felt that the state was their and without certain rights their government would fail Political concern was only for the emperor and officers different political form ruled by tyranny All Roman citizens in the republic could gather assemble in the interest of the common people The most important legislative body was the Senate, made of aristocrats Two consul shared power in times of crisis Senate could pick a dictator expressed fairness in laws Laws spread widely through the empire Government supported an offical religion
I	Intellectually Rome was flourishing, they were thinkers who made contribution in geometry, anatomy, and medical as well as elaborated on old theories but not only that but arts was blooming during this time. myths were around many thinkers, moral philosophy and philosophers were popular during this time questioned conventional wisdom studied motion of planets studies organization of elemental principles (earth, fire,air, water) Interest in math and nature patterns made contributions in geometry anatomy medical treaties Elaborated on the theory sun's motion examined ethical and political theories preserved traditional forms of textbook given to upper grade students able to carry water and construct bridges arts was flourishing,music, dramas (plays) crafted tales great architectural advances brightly painted structures *
R	Romans had a peganist relgion Did not have mythilogical religion unlike the greeks they believed everything had a spirts, thought to represent good and evil Romans had to keep their gods happy through rutuials and sacrific Relgion tolenerance was a policy upon emperors Many of the gods were named after planets Two types of priest, general and certain gods Putos thinking was similiar to Confusism Aristole the philospher knew that there was balance of human behavior unlike politics and "excess of the gods themselves" Information shared by Kevin Schlegel
I	Trade was a main cause of Romes interactions with outside nations. Traded with places outside the Mediterranean Trades with India and China Traded many goods (farming, manufacture, luxury) Slaves were important. Very close to Chinese Confucianism
T	Roman technology was important and created things like rope, pulleys, sub units, and wooden structure but the engine was not invented yet so they traveled by oxen. Technology was important for building and warfare Created ropes , catapults pulleys sub units wooden structures machinery was large had mills made of stone no engine traveled by oxens http://www.mariamilani.com/ancient_rome/ancient_roman_technology.htm

Cyrus the Great : established Persian Empire across the northern Middle East and into northwestern India (political)Zoroastrianism : a lively new artist style (intellectual)Olympic games : athletic competitions that Greek city-states joined (interactions) (social)Pericles : Greek political figure that dominated Athenian politics in the 5th century B.C.E/ He was an aristocrat but practiced democratic political structure. (politcal)Peloponnesian Wars : (431 - 404 BCE) Athens and Sparta were in battling for control of Greece (Interactions) Philip II of Macedon : won the battle in 338 BCE, father of Alexander (political)Alexander the Great : son of Philip II of Macedon, extended the Macedonian Empire through the Middle East, across Persia to the border of India and southward through Egypt. Alexander the Great died at age 33.(political)Hellenistic period: when Greek art and culture combined with other Middle Eastern forms (Interactions) Alexandria : a city in Egypt where trade flourished (Economic)Roman Republic : a more elaborate political institution that gradually spread it's influence to the rest of the Italian peninsula. (interactions)Punic Wars: from 264 to 146 BCE when Rome fought the armies of the Phoenician city Carthage (interactions)Carthage : on the northern coast of Africa (political)Hannibal : had troops that were accompanied by packladen elephants (political)Julius Caesar : victorious civil war general in 45 BCE (political)Augustus Caesar : Julius' grand-nephew who seized power in 27 BCE (political)Diocletian and Constantine: strong emperors, Constantine in 313 adopted somewhat of Christianity, tried to unite the empire, (political) (religion)Polis : Greek word for city-states (intellectual)Direct democracy : general assemblies that citizens could participate, and not ruled through elected representatives.(political)Senate : legislative body made of mainly aristocrats (political)Consuls : shared power during the time when Senate could not choose a dictator (political)Cicero : Roman writer and active senator (intellectual) (political)Aristotle : philosopher that issued Greek and Roman moral philosophy (intellectual)Stoics : emphasized inner moral independence as well as to be disciplined (intellectual)Socrates : born in 469 BCE in Athens he encouraged others to question conventional wisdom (intellectual)Plato : follower of Socrates and suggested that human reason could be understood in three perfect forms - the absolutely True, Good, Beautiful (intellectual)Sophocles : Athenian dramatist (intellectual)Iliad and Odyssey : Greek Literature with epic traditions (intellectual)Doric, Ionic and the Corinthian : tops of columns supporting their huge buildings (intellectual)comparison of Rome and GreeceRome and Greece were located around the same region which helps explains why they had some of the same ideas intellectually, politically, as well as religiously, but however Rome and Greece weren't the same place so not every part of their ideas were identical. Rome and Greece were both active war zones. Greece had civil wars where Greek city-states would fight among each other, for example Athens and Sparta. Rome fought the armies of the Phoenician city Carthage. Government for both Rome and Greece were almost similar, because they were both under the rule of a tyrant, although the tyrants for the different nations would rule different. Social classes weren't much different from one another either. The rich and powerful were always at the top while the poorer would be lower on the pyramid, and woman would always be thought of as inferior to the male species. Both nations were become more religiously involved. Both nations believed in a god and how god tied in with everything around them. Religion was not they only thing that the nations were similar in. Intellectually both nations were become more involved with sciences, and began to questioned things. Both Greece and Rome went through many advancements, and many wars but still survived and are both countries to this day. Comparison of Han China and Rome (politically)Rome:

• The Romans began as a monarchy around 509 BCE and had better political ways for their city-states.
• Citizens felt that the state was their and without certain rights their government would fail
• Political concern was only for the emperor and officers
• different political form
• ruled by tyranny
• All Roman citizens in the republic could gather assemble in the interest of the common people
• The most important legislative body was the Senate, made of aristocrats
• Two consul shared power in times of crisis
• Senate could pick a dictator
• expressed fairness in laws
• Laws spread widely through the empire
• Government supported and offical religion

Han China :

• Government was under the bureaucracy system where bureaucrats took test that tested their abilities. It also provided a single code for the empire.
• The government was strict and taxed as well as made the men work annually.
• Believed in punishment such as torture and execution.

Similar:

• Strong form of government
• Was ruled by the leading power

Rome	Similarities	Han China
Economy
· Economy was based on agriculture, trade, and slavery · Based on heredity, property, wealth, and citizenship	· Depended on trade and agriculture ·	· Trade => Silk Road · Organized production of salt/iron-> standardizing currency, weight, measures facilitated trade · Controlling agricultural supplies-> storing grain/rice~ controlling price increases · Did not depend on trade
Social
· 3 Social Classes -patricians -plebeians(common folks: poor) -slaves · Family Structures -Father(men) in charge of household -women controlled economic functions · Middle class=> free farmers w/ their own community	· Male has higher power then women => in charge · Family structure is similar · Middle class & village leaders are alike => both act as farmers · Common folks = peasants	· Social groups-> landowning aristocracy/bureaucrats, peasants/urban artisans, and mean -people (people without meaningful skills). Peasants-> provide dues and service-> control some of the lands of their master. · Village leaders-> help farming families to regulate property, coordinate planting, and harvest work.
politics
Interactions
· Merchants carried products in ships around the Mediterranean · Merchants in Rome were higher on the social class, “capitalist moneymaking” · Rome, merchants traded by ships, sea · The wealthy had demands for China's luxurious products	· Traded together using the silk road · Trade grain, grapes, silk, and jewelry · Rare for both civilization to get products from Rome/Han China because of the geography	· Gain different religion Buddhism from India by trading. · During the time copper coins were also introduced when trading with India. · Han China, merchants usually traded by land
Religion
· No central religion, but Christianity did spread · Religion did not shape social structure · Polytheistic, higher power that regulate human life: Zeus, Apollo, Aphrodite, etc · Upper class became displease with religion	· Beliefs encourage in participating in the political system · Beliefs based off nature, farming, and weather · Took part in religions in churches or temples(sacred areas) and special dates for special holidays	· Confucianism and Taoism · Religion had a fine set or rules/beliefs for the social class. · Upper class highly valued religion for a good life · Confucianism used for ethnics
Intellectual
Technology
Decline
· Rome split into sections => not unified · As Rome fell, it declined by sections, some parts decline more than others · Roman Empire was to big, it was difficult to control · Han Emperors became more corrupt, large amount of political fighting in the state · private armies grew while taxes dropped · rebellion from generals led to spiting of the China · Both decline were violent and chaotic

Rome	Similarities	Han China
Economy
· Economy was based on agriculture, trade, and slavery · Based on heredity, property, wealth, and citizenship	· Depended on trade and agriculture ·	· Trade => Silk Road · Organized production of salt/iron-> standardizing currency, weight, measures facilitated trade · Controlling agricultural supplies-> storing grain/rice~ controlling price increases · Did not depend on trade
Social
· 3 Social Classes -patricians -plebeians(common folks: poor) -slaves · Family Structures -Father(men) in charge of household -women controlled economic functions · Middle class=> free farmers w/ their own community	· Male has higher power then women => in charge · Family structure is similar · Middle class & village leaders are alike => both act as farmers · Common folks = peasants	· Social groups-> landowning aristocracy/bureaucrats, peasants/urban artisans, and mean -people (people without meaningful skills). Peasants-> provide dues and service-> control some of the lands of their master. · Village leaders-> help farming families to regulate property, coordinate planting, and harvest work.
politics
Interactions
· Merchants carried products in ships around the Mediterranean · Merchants in Rome were higher on the social class, “capitalist moneymaking” · Rome, merchants traded by ships, sea · The wealthy had demands for China's luxurious products	· Traded together using the silk road · Trade grain, grapes, silk, and jewelry · Rare for both civilization to get products from Rome/Han China because of the geography	· Gain different religion Buddhism from India by trading. · During the time copper coins were also introduced when trading with India. · Han China, merchants usually traded by land
Religion
· No central religion, but Christianity did spread · Religion did not shape social structure · Polytheistic, higher power that regulate human life: Zeus, Apollo, Aphrodite, etc · Upper class became displease with religion	· Beliefs encourage in participating in the political system · Beliefs based off nature, farming, and weather · Took part in religions in churches or temples(sacred areas) and special dates for special holidays	· Confucianism and Taoism · Religion had a fine set or rules/beliefs for the social class. · Upper class highly valued religion for a good life · Confucianism used for ethnics
Intellectual
Technology
Decline
· Rome split into sections => not unified · As Rome fell, it declined by sections, some parts decline more than others · Roman Empire was to big, it was difficult to control · Han Emperors became more corrupt, large amount of political fighting in the state · private armies grew while taxes dropped · rebellion from generals led to spiting of the China · Both decline were violent and chaotic

BY JENNY WENG & SHIRLEY WONG